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发信人: TTT (天天甜梦), 信区: English 标题: 1995考研英语发信站: 燕赵BBS (Sat Aug 26 00:48:00 2000), 转信 1995年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题 Part ⅠGrammatical Structure and Vocabulary Section A Directions:  Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979. (A) from (B) after(C) for(D) since The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer (A) (B) (C) (●) 1. Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed . (A) had produced (B) have been produced (C) would have produced (D) had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today .(A) exists(B) exist(C) existing (D) existed 3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in favour of the new theory. (A) which to base on (B) on which to base (C) to base on which(D) which to be based on 4. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction . (A) Everybody (B) Anybody (C) Somebody(D) Nobody 5. How many of us say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? (A) attended (B) attending (C) to attend (D) have attended 6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced. (A) so that (B) but that (C) in that (D) provided that 7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal one. (A) rather than (B) other than (C) better than (D) less than 8. is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production. (A) What(B) That (C) It (D) As 9. It is believed that today’s pop music serves as a creative force stimulating the thinking of its listeners. (A) by(B) with (C) at (D) on 10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere. (A) at it is(B) the same is(C) so is(D) and so isSection B Directions: Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D.Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(5 points)Example： A number of A foreign visitors were taken B to the industrial exhibition whichC they sawD many new products. Part C is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C. Sample Answer(A) (B) (●) (D) 11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting A not so much a leisurely B lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are C too valuable to be wastedD . 12. In debating one must correct the opponent’s A facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny thatB whatC he presents as proof,unless D relevant, is sufficient. 13. We are not conscious ofA the extent of whichB provides the psychological satisfaction thatC can make the differenceD between a full and an empty life. 14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB for having promotedC sea travel, that man wasD Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century. 15. Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct for B thosewrite aboutC science are careful in checking D the accuracy of their reports. 16. Whenever wehear ofA a natural disaster,evenB in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy C for the people to have affectedD . 17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon  be trusting B our health, wealth and happiness to elements withwhom C very names the general publicareD unfamiliar. 18. The speaker claimed thatno other A modern nation devotes so smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than C the United StatesdoesD . 19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence linkedA research projects willaccount forB an improvement in the standard of living or, altemately,to do muchC to protect our diminishingD resources. 20. If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even thoughC their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient. Section C Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Example: The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway. (A) vanished(B) scattered(C) abandoned(D) rejected The sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C. Sample Answer(A) (B) (●) (D) 21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. (A) admired (B) regarded (C) expected (D) worshipped 22. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval. (A) short and  (B) scheme (C) schedule (D) sketch 23. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old. (A) supply (B) assurance (C) provision (D) adjustment 24. The newlybuilt Science Building seems enough to last a hundred years. (A) spacious (B) sophisticated (C) substantial (D) steady 25. It is wellknown that the retired workers in our country are free medical care.  (A) entitled to (B) involved in (C) associated with (D) assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at . (A) danger (B) stake (C) loss (D) threat 27. I felt to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech. (A) fatigued (B) tired (C) exhausted (D) bored 28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at . (A) wrong (B) trouble (C) fault (D) difficulty 29. Your advice would be valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’ s end. (A) exceedingly (B) excessively (C) extensively (D) exclusively 30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the consequences. (A) answer for (B) run into (C) abide by (D) step into 31. The river is already its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city is threatened with a likely flood. (A) parallel to (B) level in (C) flat on (D) flush with 32. People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. (A) convinced (B) anticipated (C) resolved (D) assured 33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills. (A) adapted (B) acknowledged (C) assembled (D) appointed 34. The mother said she would her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment before supper. (A) let down (B) let alone (C) let off (D) let out 35. We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets. (A) urgent (B) hasty (C) instant (D) prompt 36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages in the dictionary. (A) missing (B) losing (C) dropping (D) leaking 37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women this field is climbing. (A) engaging (B) devoting (C) registering (D) pursuing 38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it , but he gave us an idea about his plan. (A) at hand (B) in turn (C) in conclusion (D) at length 39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met. (A) prospect (B) prediction (C) prosperity (D) permission 40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in a furious state. (A) stable (B) rational (C) legal (D) credible Part ⅡCloze Test Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points) Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of nonREM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non REM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as those 44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of nonREM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems ?the selfprotecting mechanism against diseases ?had crashed. 41. (A) Either(B) Neither(C) Each(D) Any 42. (A) intended(B) required(C) assumed(D) inferred 43. (A) subtle(B) obvious(C) mysterious(D) doubtful 44.(A) maintained(B) described(C) settled(D) afforded 45. (A) in the light(B) by virture(C) with the exception D) for the purpose 46. (A) reduction(B) destruction(C) deprivation(D) restriction  47. (A) upon(B) by(C) through(D) with  48. (A) paid attention to(B) caught sight of(C) laid emphasis on(D) cast light on 49. (A) develop(B) produce(C) stimulate(D) induce  50. (A) if(B) as if(C) only if(D) if only  Part ⅢReading Comprehension Directions: Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the question. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points) Passage One Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twentyseven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a wellknown television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.  If its message were confined merely to information梐nd that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive梐 dvertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants. 51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that. (A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising (B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming (C) advertising costs money like everything else (D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising 52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? (A) Securing greater fame. (B) Providing more jobs. (C) Enhancing living standards. (D) Reducing newspaper cost. 53. The author deems that the well known TV personality is. (A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising (B) interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention (C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information (D) obviously partial in his views on advertising 54. In the author's opinion, . (A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information (B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over (C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer (D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement Passage Two There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language梐ll these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all. These feelings of insecurity and selfdoubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making. 55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then . (A) he has given up his smoking habit (B) he has made great efforts in his work (C) he is keen on learning anything new (D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey 56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process would .(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder (B) judge his ability to grow from his own achievements (C) face difficulties and take up challenges (D) aim high and reach his goal each time 57. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 3, para. 3) he is referring to . (A) a new approach to experiencing the world (B) a new way of taking risks (C) a new method of perceiving ourselves (D) a new system of adaption to change 58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following except.(A) curiosity about more chances (B) promptness in selfadaptation (C) openmindedness to new experiences (D) avoidance of internal fears and doubts Passage Three In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today. In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machinereadable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and／or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable upto date information to solve the daytoday problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people. 59. The word “it” (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to . (A) the lack of stable communities (B) the breakdown of informal information channels (C) the increased mobility of families (D) the growing number of people moving from place to place 60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that .(A) they have to learn new things consciously (B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information (C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily (D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family 61. From the passage we can infer that . (A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages (B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era (C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences (D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites 62. We can learn from the last paragraph that . (A) it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible (B) people should make the best use of the information accessible (C) we should realize the importance of accumulating information (D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently Passage Four Personality is to a large extent inherent桝type parents usually bring about Atype offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children. One place where children soak up Acharacteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system, in which competitive Atypes seem in some way better than their Btype fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: ‘Rejoice, we conquer!’ By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful. Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management. If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from Atype stock. B’s are important and should be encouraged. 63. According to the passage, Atype individuals are usually. (A) impatient (B) considerate (C) aggressive (D) agreeable 64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools becuase . (A) the pressure is too great on the students (B) some students are bound to fail (C) failure rates are too high (D) the results of examinations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals are currently based on . (A) candidates’ sensitivity (B) academic achievements (C) competitive spirit (D) surer values 66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that . (A) the personality of a child is well established at birth (B) family influence dominates the shaping of one's characterisitics (C) the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors (D) Btype characteristics can find no place in a competitive society Passage Five That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. Socalled intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirment for reasoning. The ability to solve any probelm or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or meomory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput balance. 67. From the evolutionary point of view, . (A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive (B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive (C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability (D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences 68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, .(A) he would survive best (B) he would have a lot of trouble (C) his ability to learn would be enhanced (D) the evolution of memory would stop 69. From the last paragraph we know that . (A) forgetfulness is a response to learning (B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced inputoutput system (C) memory is a compensation for forgetting (D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs 70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of . (A) remembering (B) forgetting (C) adapting (D) experiencing Part ⅣEnglishChinese Translation Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15 points) The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user. All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error. Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. 74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underpriviledged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. Part ⅤWriting (15 point) Directions: A. Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE” B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)  D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country”. E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. OUTLINE: 1. Present situation 2. Necessity of the project 3. My suggestion 1995年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试 英语试题参考答案及评分标准一、阅卷需知： (一) 阅卷一律以本答案为准，不得改动，不得另行制订答案。  (二) 保持卷面整洁；阅卷人应以高度负责的精神认真仔细地批阅试卷。 (三) 试卷一律用红笔批改，错误处用横线划出，将每道大题得分填入答题纸计分格内，并填封面的计分格内。要求计分正确、清楚。每题必须由两位阅卷人员评阅，并在大题得分格内签上名。 (四) 各大题计分时，1/2分者不进位，但总分累计时可进位，作整数填入封面计分格。 (五) 计分以小题为单位，每小题的扣分不得超过该题的分值。二、评分标准： Ⅰ.语法结构与词汇：A 节语法填空：每题1/2分，共5分。 B 节语法辨错：每题1/2分，共5分。 C 节词语填空：每题1/2分，共10分。 Ⅱ.综合填空：10题，每题1分，共10分。 Ⅲ.阅读理解选择：20题，每题2分，共40分。 以上三大题的每小题均只有一个答案。凡选两个答案以上者，一律不给分。 Ⅳ.英译汉：5题，每题3分，共15分。 1.如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，其得分最多不得超过1.5分。 2.如出现两种或两种以上正确译法，给分；其中一种译法错误者，酌情扣分，最多不超过1分。 3.汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错别字扣1/2分，无1/4扣分。 Ⅴ.写作：1题，15分。 本题以通篇分档计分，计分标准如下： 1.15-13分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点：表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。 2.12-10分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点：表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。 3.9-7分：内容切题，基本包括提纲的要点；表达基本清楚；句子结构和用词有少量错误。 4.6-4分：内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。 5.3-1分：基本按题意写作，但只有少数句子可以理解。 6.0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。 7.长度计分标准： 91-100词：扣1分 81-90词：扣2.5分 71-80词：扣4分 61-70词：扣6分 60词以下：扣8分 　答案 Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary (20 points) Section A  1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A10.C Section B 11.A12.D13.B14.D15.C16.D17.C18.C19.C20.B Section C  21.B22.D23.C24.C25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30.A 31.D32.B33.A34.C35.B36.A37.D38.D39.A40.B Part ⅡCloze Test (10 points) 41.B42.C43.C44.B45.D46.C47.A48.D49.A50.B Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 points) 51.D52.A53.D54.C55.A56.C57.A58.D59.B60.C 61.A62.D63.C64.B65.B66.C67.D68.B69.A70.B Part ⅣEnglishChinese Translation (15 points) 71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。 72.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。 73.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其它种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。 74.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。 75.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。 71. ［答案］把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。［分析］难度：0.29；区分度：0.502。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的30%。 ［注释］此句的重点或难点在后半部：1) critics divert attention from the fault... 直译是“批评者们把注意力从…的错误上转移开”，根据上下文，可译作“批评者却不考虑/不注意/忽视…的错误”。总之这一说法含否定意义，肯定意义的译法都是错误的。2) that lies with ill\|informed or incompetent users 是个定语从句，修饰fault, 其中lies with 意为is the responsibility of (是…的责任)；ill\|informed 在此意为“对这种测试不甚了解(或知之甚少)的。”一些考生误译作“消息不灵通的”，“接受了错误信息的”，“错误应用信息的”等；incompetent 意为 not qualified or able (不合格的，不胜任的)，但不少考生译为“无竞争力的”，“不宜竞争的”等。这些误译多半是由于未考虑上下文，望文生义的结果。 72. ［答案］这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。 ［分析］难度：0.39；区分度：0.276。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的26%强。［注释］此题句子较长，结构较复杂。要翻译正确，必须首先搞清句子的结构和各成分之间的关系。How... performance 是一个从句，在整句中作主语，它的谓语是 depends upon... and on...，句尾的 with which... 是定语从句，修饰它前面的两个名词 skill and wisdom; 句子中间的 of the information used 这一介词短语作定语，修饰它前面的 the amount, reliability, and appropriateness 三个名词，而非只修饰相距最近的一个。把这些结构和关系分析清楚，翻译便不会有大的出入。但有不少考生把一些成分的关系译错。例如： How 从句中的 will be validated by ... 很明显是被动语态将来时，意为“将被后来的表现所证实”，但有些人却译为主动词态“将证实以后的表现”。再如： depends upon... 意为“依赖于；取决于；依…而定”，一些人却译成“决定着” ；把information used (所用的信息)译作“信息使用”等等。 73. ［答案］因此，在某一特定情况钙，究竟是采用测试还是其它种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无有源等因素。 ［分析］难度：0.40；区分度：0.496。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的17%。 ［注释］此题句子虽长，但只是一个“主+动+状”的简单句。句首的Whether... situation是带连接词的不定式短语，作句子的主语，它的谓语动词是depends, upon... and upon... 是状误。Whether 短语中的or both是与其前的tests, other kinds of information 并列的成分，同作 to use 的宾语；in a particular situation 是状语，修饰 to use, 而非定语修饰 both。一些考生将这部分译作“或两种测试信息都用”，“或二者兼用的测试方式”，“或是在特定情况下使用二者”，“或把二者都入在特定情况下”等等，都是错误的。此题另一误解较多之处是 the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity 这一短语。这里的问题不在于是否能把comparative validity 译为“相对效度”这一专业术语，译作“相对来说有效性”、“比较而言有效力”、“相比较地有效(的)”等，都是可接受的。关键依然是各词之间的语法关系：evidence (根据，依据，证据)是这一短语中的主词，from experience (来自或出自于经验的)这一介词短语修饰 evidence, concerning (=about) comparative validity (关于相对有效性的)这一介词短语修饰 exper ience。一些考生将此短语译成：“比较有效的实验证明”、“证明比较有价值的经验”、“由实验证明的比较可靠的证据”等，都是随意揣测的产物。 74. ［答案］一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。［分析］难度0.42；区分度：0.451。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的14%。［注释］此题句子虽长，但结构比较清楚，所用词语都很普通，翻译难度不高。 the tests 是主句的主语，它的谓语动词是work，这里意为function; operate ( 运行；运作；起作用)，有些考生译作“这些测试工作”，显然搞错了词性和结构。前一个when引入的时间状语从句说明work most effectively，后一个when引入的时间状语从句，说明and (work) least effectively，其中含有一个主语从句 what...predicted (所要测定或预测的东西<内容、特性、品质>)。但译文不准确仍是较普遍的问题。例如：把in general (=in most cases; usually 一般说来；通常)译为“总之；简言之”，把most effectively译成“(测试)效率最高”， least effectively译作“无效”，“完全无效”，“失去效果”，what is to be...predicted 译成“被评估或被预期的一切”等等。如果根据上下文再仔细考虑虑一下，这些错误是可以避免的。 75. ［答案］例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。［分析］难度：0.28；区分度：0.522。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的33%强，是5道翻译题中比例最高的［注释］此题在句子结构上的难点在后半句。由how引入的宾语从句是一个带有虚拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he grown up...=is he had grown up... 是省略了连词 if 的虚拟条件句，译成汉语时，通常译在主句之前。此题另一主要问题是一些词语的译法。首先是主句主语的they，在此显然指上文提到的tests，应译为“测试”、“这些测试(验) ”、“这些测试手段”；有人译作“它们”、“他们(测试)”，也是可接受的；但一些考生译成“他们”、“大学生们”，显然搞错了指代关系。Compensate for 意为 give sth to make up for (补偿，弥补)，有人译成：“补充”、“改进” 、“增加”等等。gross在此意为clearly seen (明显的，易见的)，由于《英语考试大纲》所附的词表中未列此义，译错可不扣分。但social inequality (社会不公，社会不平等<现象>)却不可译作“社会不平衡状态”或“社会腐败现象”。how 从句中的able在此意为clever, capable, skilled (聪明的；能干的；有才能的 )，在句中作might have been 的表语。有些考生将这部分译为“…可能是怎么能够的”、“如何才能在…成长”等，显然未断清词义与结构。underprivileged 意为 not having the advantages of the ordinary person's life, lacking in good chances for education, social life, etc. (贫困的；没有地位的；下层的)。如果说一些考生译成“不享有特权的”，“没有权利的”，“不够优越的” 等，可能是根据privilgeg 一词推导而来，尚有情可原的话，那么译作“未充分发展的”、“没有显示才华的”、“受压抑的”、“不幸的”等则是随意的猜测，令人难以同情的。 Part ⅤWriting (15 points) (略) ９５年三、阅读理解(摘自张绵芯主编的《模拟题集》) 51［D］这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的最好的花钱方式之一。意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。该句的非比较级形式为：Money spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱方式(any omney spent well);Know of意为：知道，所了解到的。其实，该句所陈述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多益处。 A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。 B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。 C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。 52［A］secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未提到的。原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有竞争力(competitie)的价格出口进入国际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，有效地扩大了就业；它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利用登广告所赚的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。 B与原文内容相符。 C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。 D与原文内容相符。 53［D］在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中 partial意为：片面的，不公平的。文章第4段和第5段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者 (television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的 (persuade)，而不是客观地提供信息(inform)。但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些地于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很难做到只局限于(confine…to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。 A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。 B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除……之外都不。 C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分，区别。 54［C］意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题题解。 A是不对的。正如第三段民指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益 (material benefit)比其他形式都大。 B意为：广告应给人以新的(消费)观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，B表达的内容与原文中作者表达的观点相反。 D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费者。参阅第53题题解。 注译： 1television licence电视入网(费) 2Apart from the fact…his advertisements.有27项国会制定的法案约束着广告的制作标准，考虑到这样一个事实，哪个职业广告商也不敢促销与其广告名不符实的产品。 3He will not do so…once.他不可能长期如此，因为，值得庆幸的是，公众有良好的判断力，他们不会二度购买低劣的物品。 4If you see…good value.如果你看到某个产品的广告经久不衰，这就是我知道的最可靠保证：该产品名符其实，具有良好的质量(或：价值)。 5But Perhaps…wants.但是这也许正是那位著名的电视工作人员所要的。注意本句的讽刺意味。 55［A］第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果 (product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向地将个人的成长 (或发展)看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在结果。如：工人晋职，学生的成绩 (grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量的结果。A表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像是一个学生要取得好成绩必须做出努力一样。 B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽力后带来什么样的结果，也许是徒劳无益呢? C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与B一样，这里也未提及结果：他学未学会新东西? D意为：他想看看(或确立五)自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道理了。 56［C］面对困难，接受挑战。在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受。另请参阅第三段第一句。 A意为：成功地爬上了社会阶梯(即：成功地进入社会上层)。这是一个结果，而不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提出这一点。 B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展(潜)力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人的发展。 D意为：确立高的(发展)目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显然又是在谈结果。 57［A］在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在。第三段第二句指出，当我们用新的方式生存(或体验世界)时，我们对自己的看法以我们能否发展至关重要。下文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行为敏捷，喜欢刨根问底，在实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠(the ground is safe)时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。A意为：体验世界(即：生活) 的新方式(或方法)。 B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。 C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。 D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。 58［D］意为：避免内心的恐惧感与(自我)怀疑。在最后一段，作者指出，不安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a shell of our own making)。 A意为：对更多的冒险(指：做新的事情)持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试做新的事情 B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。 C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。 对选择项A、C、D的理解请参阅第57题题解。 注译： 1…since by definition…along the way.…既然就其定义(或：本质特征)而言它是一次旅程，而不是旅程上某个路标或地界标。这是一个比喻，等于说，没有看得见的实物标记。 59［B］第二段指出，二战以后，人口的流动(mobility)变大，一个家庭离开了自己原来的住区，离开了多年的朋友，不再住在大家庭里(extended family指：三世或四世同堂的家庭)。这样，对这个家庭来说，日常的(informal)信息交流没有了(is cut off)。随着日常的信息交流渠道的消失(the breakdown of informal information channels)，人们的信心也没有了：他们过去相信需要时总能得到可信可靠的信息。 A意为：社会缺乏稳定。 C意为：家庭增加了流动性。 D意为：越来越多的人流动不定。 可见，A、C、D表达的内容近似，因此，都不对。而且，如果它们中任何一个正确，那末，原文句中the confidence就要从肯定方面理解，即：人口的流动性使人们更有信心……。这显然与原文第二段表达的内容是相矛盾的。 60［C］意为：他们对所需的信息不能垂手可得。readily在此不是“有准备地 ”之意，而是“随时随地”之意。原文第二段指出，随着社会的流动性，人们间的日常的信息交流不存在了。过去一些生活的最基本方面(the simplest aspects)的信息交流几乎是不自觉(或无意识)地(unconscious)进行的，但是现在却不行了，过去下意识地(subconsciously)棗随处随时地棗可以通过大家内部的日常 (casual)交流所了解一以(learn)信息现在必须有意识地去了解(或获得)。第二段指出，除了社会的变化以外，现代社会信息的积累量(stockpile)大增，这使得寻打相关信息的过程变得更繁琐，更花时间(time-consuming)，有时也很迫切。第三段的最后一句在总结全段时也指出：技术使更多的人可以利用更多的信息。这里强调的是信息量，并非信息随时随处可得。 A意为：他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物。这不是一个“问题”，甚至不是主要(main)问题，这仅是指他们了解信息的方式。 B意为：现在他们缺乏获得可靠可信信息的信心。原文只是说：随着日常交流的缺乏，过去垂手可得的可靠信息不得不经过其他途径(如：技术手段)去获得了。可见，B表达的内容与原文表达的内容并不相符。 D意为：他们几乎不能同大学进行日常交流了。如果这是一个问题的话，这也绝对不是主要问题。而且，这句话说得不够严谨。太绝对化。考虑这个题时请考生参阅第59题题解。 61［A］第四段第三句指出，随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来(very shorly)通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手上。该句中，bombard一词原意为“轰炸”、“连珠炮式地落向”，这里用于比喻量大。multitudes of 也指“大量的”。 A意为：电子邮件(electronic mail)不久将成为传递信息的主要(dominant)手段。 B意为：在信息时代(era)，保守秘密愈难。信息传递媒介的增加与保守秘密没有直接关系，贿，文中任何地方都未暗示这一点。 C意为：开会时间会减少(也可以理解为：开会次数会减少)。第四段第五句指出， (远距离)电话会议可以使人相互交流(专门)知识(expertise)，解决问题毋需再采用将各地的人聚在一起的会议形式。可见，这里只是说会议开得更方便，并未说开短会或少开会。 D意为：事件报道将主要采用卫星直播形式。原文第四句指出，卫星的使用扩大了现场(at the instance of occurrence)直播事件的力度。 62［D］在最后一段作者指出，当今世界是一个多变、复杂的民办，信息对人至关重要(of greatest importance)。人们要学会利用准确、可靠最新的 (up-to-date)信息来解决的日常(day-to-day)问题以及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大(critical)问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。“知识就是力量”这样的说法再正确不过了，学会掌握信息(access to information)是对所有人的一个最重要要求。D意为：有效地掌握所需信息至关重要。 A意为：应尽量多地获取信息。这里只强调了信息的量，却未强调信息的质(如：准确、可靠、最新)。实际上，正因为信息量增大了，才需要人们学会找出所需的信息，这才是这一段所主要说明的。 B意为：人们应充分利用可得到的(accessible)信息。正如我们在分析本题时所一再指出的，本段所强调的是善于获得信息的重要性(如，在本段三句中，作者使用了如下措辞：the need for information<第一句主语>，who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information, access to information<第三句后半句主语 >)。 C意为：我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性。这也不对，参阅本题对选择项A的分析。注译： 1…beyond the capability of the extended family to solve.…大家庭内无能力解决。 2overwhelming(在此文中意为)无法克服的，无法做的 3machine-readable可用机器阅读的，可通过机器阅读的。这里“机器”主要指计算机。 63［C］意为：攻击型的，好斗的。文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用 competitive(争强好胜的，爱竞争的)一词描述A型性格的人。 A意为：缺乏耐心的，不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但不是他们的一般性性格特征。 B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。 D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。 64［B］有些学生肯定不及格。be bound to意为：肯定，注定。问题中 be opposed意为“反对”。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式(by far用于强调最高级形式)是极力强调考试(disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的)，很少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处 (merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable),但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争的做法肯定(对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等)是有害的。 A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。 C意为：不及格率过高。 A、C文中都未提到。 D意为：考试成绩(或结果)值得怀疑。这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作为一个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。 65［B］原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation… with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人棗尤其是医疗护理人员棗也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里，作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进行了批评。B意为：学习成绩(或学术成就)。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。 A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即：是否细心。 C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。 D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值(对社会有用)的东西。 66［C］文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inheent)，但是，环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生的性格的形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种 (multiple)因素的影响。 A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。 B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。 A、B、两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性发展受多种因素的影响。 D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的(或：是找不到位置的)。这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题题解。 注译： 1One place…institution.促使学生逐渐形成A性格的一个处所是学校，因为，就其本质而言，学校是一个高度竞争的机构。 2Too many schools…achievements.许多学校的道德标准是：不遗余力取胜，它衡量成功的标准是取得成就的大小。 3…compete against their classmates or against the clock与同学竞争或与时间赛跑。 4…dropped head seconds after saying:“Rejoice, we conquer!”说完“欢呼吧，我们胜利了!”之后几秒钟就倒下死了。 5top management最佳管理方式。 67［D］意为：突然失去记忆力会导致生存适应问题。文章第一段指出，人生许多问题的解决依赖于我们对过去经历过的事情的记忆。第二段第二、三句指出，如果我们不及时复习或练习已学过的东西的话，过一段时间，我们可能忘记它，这种情况所造成的适应性(adaptive)后果也许不太明。然而，突然失去记忆力却会给适应带来明显后果。举个例子来说，假如你一觉醒来，发觉自己失去了一切记忆，那样会发生什么呢? A意为：由于缺乏练习所造成的遗忘很明显不利于生存适应。这与第二段第二句的意思相反。 B意为：如果一个人突然(all of a sudden)变得健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的。这与第二段第三句表达的内容相反。 C意为：逐渐的遗忘过程证明了人的(较强的)适应能力。第二段第四句指出，遗忘可以被看作动物中自然选择(natural selection)过程中遗留给人的一种能力。第三段最后一句指出，遗忘(指逐渐的遗忘)似乎对每个个体或整个物种来说有其生存价值。可见，逐渐的遗忘过程是人在物种间的生存竞争过程中形成的，它是人们适应外部世界的结果。C则将人的适应能力看作是逐渐遗忘过程的结果，这显然颠倒了逻辑关系。 68［B］第三段第三、四句指出，没有遗忘过程，人就无法适应。例如，十年前正确的做法现在未必合适，所以应忘记它。对遗忘很少的人的调查也表明：他们的日常活动缺乏头绪。 A意为：他适于生存。这与事实相反。 C意为：他学习的能力会得到加强。这也与事实相反，事实是：所学的东西在大脑中会无头绪可寻。 D意为：记忆力的进化就会停止。 69［A］意为：遗忘是对学习的一种反应。文章最后一段指出，对记忆力也可以做另一种解释：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，遗忘使这一系统具有了灵活性。这种看法认为：在学习或存储(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间有一个不断调整过程。事实上，有证据表明，遗忘率与学习的东西的量直接相关，这对现代记忆模式棗输入-输出保持平衡棗提供了证据。 B意为：记忆储存系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统。根据原文，的确一种理论认为或推测(assume)记忆储存系统是一个输入输出平衡的系统，但也仅是假设而已，另外，exactly一字用的欠妥，太绝对化。 C意为：记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿。严格地来讲，forgetting与remembering都是 memory的一个组成部分，是一个部分与整体间的关系，不能对照而言。 D意为：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的。原文只是说遗忘使记忆储存系统更具有适应力，不是说它造成了记忆储存系统的有限性。 70［B］本文要谈的是遗忘过程的作用(funciton)，它是人生存适应机制的一个很重要的过程，这是文章的第二、三、四段所旨在说明的，对照而言，第一段所谈的内容(remembering)只不过是这个讨论的引子。 A意为：记忆，记住。 C意为：适适。 D意为：体验。 注译： 1another line of thought另一种思路　　 -- □—————————————————□ │ 小时候的青梅总是酸得特别可爱 │ │ 小时候的竹马总是骑得格外开心 │ □—————————————————□ ※ 来源:．燕赵BBS bbs.hbu.edu.cn．[FROM: 202.206.10.6]
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发信人: TTT (天天甜梦), 信区: English
标  题: 1995考研英语
发信站: 燕赵BBS (Sat Aug 26 00:48:00 2000), 转信

1995年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题

Part ⅠGrammatical Structure and Vocabulary

Section A

Directions: 

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked
A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark
your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter
in the brackets.(5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall
three times 1979.

(A) from (B) after(C) for(D) since

The sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times
since 1979.”

Therefore, you should choose D.

Sample Answer (A) (B) (C) (●)

1. Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which
artificial beings were portrayed .

(A) had produced

(B) have been produced

(C) would have produced

(D) had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the
perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today .(A)
exists(B) exist(C) existing (D) existed

3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in
favour of the new theory.

(A) which to base on

(B) on which to base

(C) to base on which(D) which to be based on

4. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the
science fiction .

(A) Everybody

(B) Anybody

(C) Somebody(D) Nobody

5. How many of us say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be
interested in the discussion?

(A) attended

(B) attending

(C) to attend

(D) have attended

6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the
building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

(A) so that

(B) but that

(C) in that

(D) provided that

7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal
style in a personal one.

(A) rather than

(B) other than

(C) better than

(D) less than

8. is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the
smooth development of production.

(A) What(B) That

(C) It

(D) As

9. It is believed that today’s pop music serves as a creative force
stimulating the thinking of its listeners.

(A) by(B) with

(C) at

(D) on

10. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.

(A) at it is(B) the same is(C) so is(D) and so isSection B

Directions:

Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C
and D.Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your
answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in
the brackets.(5 points)Example：

A number of A foreign visitors were taken B to the industrial
exhibition whichC they sawD many new products.

Part C is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign
visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new
products.” So you should choose C.

Sample Answer(A) (B) (●) (D)

11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting A not so much
a leisurely B lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of
time are C too valuable to be wastedD .

12. In debating one must correct the opponent’s A facts, deny the
relevance of his proof, or deny thatB whatC he presents as
proof,unless D relevant, is sufficient.

13. We are not conscious ofA the extent of whichB provides the
psychological satisfaction thatC can make the differenceD
between a full and an empty life.

14. The Portuguese giveA a great deal of credit to one manB
for having promotedC sea travel, that man wasD Prince Henry the
navigator, who lived in the 15th century.

15. Accounts of A scientific experiments are generally correct for
B thosewrite aboutC science are careful in checking D the
accuracy of their reports.

16. Whenever wehear ofA a natural disaster,evenB in a distant
part of the world, we feel sympathy C for the people to have
affectedD .

17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to sayA that we shall soon 
be trusting B our health, wealth and happiness to elements withwhom
C very names the general publicareD unfamiliar.

18. The speaker claimed thatno other A modern nation devotes so
smallB a portion of its wealth to public assistance and health than
C the United StatesdoesD .

19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defence
linkedA research projects willaccount forB an improvement in the
standard of living or, altemately,to do muchC to protect our
diminishingD resources.

20. If individuals are awakendA each time asB they begin a dream
phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even thoughC
their total amount of sleep has beenD sufficient.

Section C

Directions:

Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked
A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark
your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter
in the brackets. (10 points)

Example:

The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.

(A) vanished(B) scattered(C) abandoned(D) rejected

The sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned
in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C.

Sample Answer(A) (B) (●) (D)

21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the
invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days
before the party date.

(A) admired

(B) regarded

(C) expected

(D) worshipped

22. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the
mayor for approval.

(A) short and 

(B) scheme

(C) schedule

(D) sketch

23. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough money to
live on when old.

(A) supply

(B) assurance

(C) provision

(D) adjustment

24. The newlybuilt Science Building seems enough to last a hundred
years.

(A) spacious

(B) sophisticated

(C) substantial

(D) steady

25. It is wellknown that the retired workers in our country are free
medical care. 

(A) entitled to

(B) involved in

(C) associated with

(D) assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the
people in the city because they had more at .

(A) danger

(B) stake

(C) loss

(D) threat

27. I felt to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s
speech.

(A) fatigued

(B) tired

(C) exhausted

(D) bored

28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the
parts to find what was at .

(A) wrong

(B) trouble

(C) fault

(D) difficulty

29. Your advice would be valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’
s end.

(A) exceedingly

(B) excessively

(C) extensively

(D) exclusively

30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and
now he has to the consequences.

(A) answer for

(B) run into

(C) abide by

(D) step into

31. The river is already its banks because of excessive rainfall; and
the city is threatened with a likely flood.

(A) parallel to

(B) level in

(C) flat on

(D) flush with

32. People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of
passengers as do the airliners of today.

(A) convinced

(B) anticipated

(C) resolved

(D) assured

33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written
or for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive
systematic programme for the reading skills.

(A) adapted

(B) acknowledged

(C) assembled

(D) appointed

34. The mother said she would her son washing the dishes if he could
finish his assignment before supper.

(A) let down

(B) let alone

(C) let off

(D) let out

35. We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter
regrets.

(A) urgent

(B) hasty

(C) instant

(D) prompt

36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages in
the dictionary.

(A) missing

(B) losing

(C) dropping

(D) leaking

37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number
of women this field is climbing.

(A) engaging

(B) devoting

(C) registering

(D) pursuing

38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it , but

he gave us an idea about his plan.

(A) at hand

(B) in turn

(C) in conclusion

(D) at length

39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met.

(A) prospect

(B) prediction

(C) prosperity

(D) permission

40. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in
a furious state.

(A) stable

(B) rational

(C) legal

(D) credible

Part ⅡCloze Test

Directions:

For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices
marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the
ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10
points)

Sleep is divided into periods of socalled REM sleep, characterized
by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of nonREM
sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is
42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non
REM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as those 44 for
the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research
in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations 45 of nonREM sleep.

For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent
fatal to rats, yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals
look completely normal. A researcher has now 48 the mystery of why the
animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their
immune systems ?the selfprotecting mechanism against diseases ?had
crashed.

41. (A) Either(B) Neither(C) Each(D) Any

42. (A) intended(B) required(C) assumed(D) inferred

43. (A) subtle(B) obvious(C) mysterious(D) doubtful

44.(A) maintained(B) described(C) settled(D) afforded

45. (A) in the light(B) by virture(C) with the exception D) for the
purpose

46. (A) reduction(B) destruction(C) deprivation(D) restriction 

47. (A) upon(B) by(C) through(D) with 

48. (A) paid attention to(B) caught sight of(C) laid emphasis on(D) cast
light on

49. (A) develop(B) produce(C) stimulate(D) induce 

50. (A) if(B) as if(C) only if(D) if only 

Part ⅢReading Comprehension

Directions:

Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each
question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Read the
passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the question.
Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the
corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)

Passage One

Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It
serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable
price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible
to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to
new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping
to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is
therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of
many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost
four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to
be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.

And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of
reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the
fact that twentyseven acts of Parliament govern the terms of
advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails
to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some
people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do
so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy
the inferior article more than once. If you see an article
consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the
article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.

Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any
other force I can think of.

There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a
wellknown television personality declare that he was against
advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing
excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.


If its message were confined merely to information梐nd that in itself
would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail
such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive梐
dvertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But
perhaps that is what the wellknown television personality wants.

51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.

(A) he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising

(B) everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming

(C) advertising costs money like everything else

(D) it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising

52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the
advantages of advertising?

(A) Securing greater fame.

(B) Providing more jobs.

(C) Enhancing living standards.

(D) Reducing newspaper cost.

53. The author deems that the well known TV personality is.

(A) very precise in passing his judgement on advertising

(B) interested in nothing but the buyers’ attention

(C) correct in telling the difference between persuasion and
information

(D) obviously partial in his views on advertising

54. In the author's opinion, .

(A) advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing
information

(B) advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over

(C) there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer

(D) the buyer is not interested in getting information from an
advertisement

Passage Two

There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a
process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external
result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker
who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner
who learns a new language梐ll these are examples of people who have
measurable results to show for their efforts.

By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to
determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific
signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road
itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution
or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new
ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to
accept.

In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness
to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility
that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new
way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive
ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances
and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we're shy
and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate,
to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe.
Do we think we're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart
enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more
passive role or not try at all.

These feelings of insecurity and selfdoubt are both unavoidable and
necessary if we are to change and grow. If we do not confront and
overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protect ourselves too
much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own
making.

55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth then .
(A) he has given up his smoking habit

(B) he has made great efforts in his work

(C) he is keen on learning anything new

(D) he has tried to determine where he is on his journey

56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process
would .(A) succeed in climbing up the social ladder

(B) judge his ability to grow from his own achievements

(C) face difficulties and take up challenges

(D) aim high and reach his goal each time

57. When the author says “a new way of being” (line 3, para. 3) he
is referring to .

(A) a new approach to experiencing the world

(B) a new way of taking risks

(C) a new method of perceiving ourselves

(D) a new system of adaption to change

58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following
except.(A) curiosity about more chances

(B) promptness in selfadaptation

(C) openmindedness to new experiences

(D) avoidance of internal fears and doubts

Passage Three

In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to
informational needs become complicated. Many of life's problems which
were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond
the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for
expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept
are questions facing many people today.

In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World
War Ⅱ. As families move away from their stable community, their
friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal
flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that
information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and
reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the
simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned
subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended
family must be consciously learned.

Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of
information. The individual now has more information available than
any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information
relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time
consuming and sometimes even overwhelming.

Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of
technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information
with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before.
Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data
in machinereadable files, and to program computers to locate
specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending
of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to
bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended
the power of communications to report events at the instant of
occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing,
and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving
their homes and／or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage
and delivery of information, thus making more information available to
more people.

In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of
greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable upto
date information to solve the daytoday problems, the critical
problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and
succeed. “Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access
to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.

59. The word “it” (line 3, para. 2) most probably refers to .

(A) the lack of stable communities

(B) the breakdown of informal information channels

(C) the increased mobility of families

(D) the growing number of people moving from place to place

60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact
that .(A) they have to learn new things consciously

(B) they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy
information

(C) they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily

(D) they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended
family

61. From the passage we can infer that .

(A) electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting
messages

(B) it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an
information era

(C) people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences

(D) events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites

62. We can learn from the last paragraph that .

(A) it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

(B) people should make the best use of the information accessible

(C) we should realize the importance of accumulating information

(D) it is of vital importance to acquire needed information
efficiently

Passage Four

Personality is to a large extent inherent桝type parents usually
bring about Atype offspring. But the environment must also have a
profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is
likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.

One place where children soak up Acharacteristics is school, which is,
by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many
schools adopt the ‘win at all costs’ moral standard and measure
their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making
children compete against their classmates or against the clock
produces a twolayer system, in which competitive Atypes seem in some
way better than their Btype fellows. Being too keen to win can have
dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon
runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: ‘Rejoice, we conquer!’

By far the worst form of competition in schools is the
disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that
allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of
competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition
in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.

Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A
youngsters change into B’s. The world needs A types, and schools have
an important duty to try to fit a child’s personality to his possible
future employment. It is top management.

If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more
time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection
for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by
good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as
sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors
exclusively from Atype stock. B’s are important and should be
encouraged.

63. According to the passage, Atype individuals are usually.

(A) impatient

(B) considerate

(C) aggressive

(D) agreeable

64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at
schools becuase .

(A) the pressure is too great on the students

(B) some students are bound to fail

(C) failure rates are too high

(D) the results of examinations are doubtful65. The selection of medical
professionals are currently based on .

(A) candidates’ sensitivity

(B) academic achievements

(C) competitive spirit

(D) surer values

66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that .

(A) the personality of a child is well established at birth

(B) family influence dominates the shaping of one's characterisitics

(C) the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors

(D) Btype characteristics can find no place in a competitive society

Passage Five

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an
obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.
Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory.
Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skilful
performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading
and understanding these words. Socalled intelligent behaviour
demands memory, remembering being a primary requirment for reasoning.
The ability to solve any probelm or even to recognize that a problem
exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is
based on remembering many earlier experiences.

Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or
for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been
learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not
seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen
to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be
interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in
animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful
experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief.
Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult
to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived
natural selection.

In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible
aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed
to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old
memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for
inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer,
for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago
may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary
standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full
of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the
individual and the species.

Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited
capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through
forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between
learning or meomory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed,
there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is
directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross
support of contemporary models of memory that assume an inputoutput
balance.

67. From the evolutionary point of view, .

(A) forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive

(B) if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very
adaptive

(C) the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an
individual's adaptability

(D) sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences

68. According to the passage, if a person never forgot, .(A) he
would survive best

(B) he would have a lot of trouble

(C) his ability to learn would be enhanced

(D) the evolution of memory would stop

69. From the last paragraph we know that .

(A) forgetfulness is a response to learning

(B) the memory storage system is an exactly balanced inputoutput
system

(C) memory is a compensation for forgetting

(D) the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because
forgetting occurs

70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of .

(A) remembering

(B) forgetting

(C) adapting

(D) experiencing

Part ⅣEnglishChinese Translation

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined
sentences into Chinese. (15 points)

The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely
used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students,
employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent
attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress.
71) The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert
attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent
users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics
that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified
conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even
misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the
user.

All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some
knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research
productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72) How well
the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon
the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and
on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who
keeps careful score knows that the information available is always
incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.

Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide
a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about
what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of
person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same
advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether
to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular
situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience
concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and
availability.

74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be
measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when
what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly
used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about
many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential
has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do
not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate for gross social
inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underpriviledged
youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable
circumstances.

Part ⅤWriting (15 point)

Directions:

A. Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”

B. Time limit: 40 minutes

C. Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)


D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should
start with the given opening sentence: “Education plays a very
important role in the modernization of our country”.

E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

OUTLINE:

1. Present situation

2. Necessity of the project

3. My suggestion

1995年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试

英语试题参考答案及评分标准

一、阅卷需知：

(一) 阅卷一律以本答案为准，不得改动，不得另行制订答案。 

(二) 保持卷面整洁；阅卷人应以高度负责的精神认真仔细地批阅试卷。

(三) 试卷一律用红笔批改，错误处用横线划出，将每道大题得分填入答题纸计分
格内，并填封面的计分格内。要求计分正确、清楚。每题必须由两位阅卷人员评阅
，并在大题得分格内签上名。

(四) 各大题计分时，1/2分者不进位，但总分累计时可进位，作整数填入封面计分
格。 (五) 计分以小题为单位，每小题的扣分不得超过该题的分值。

二、评分标准：

Ⅰ.语法结构与词汇：A 节语法填空：每题1/2分，共5分。

B 节语法辨错：每题1/2分，共5分。

C 节词语填空：每题1/2分，共10分。

Ⅱ.综合填空：10题，每题1分，共10分。

Ⅲ.阅读理解选择：20题，每题2分，共40分。

以上三大题的每小题均只有一个答案。凡选两个答案以上者，一律不给分。

Ⅳ.英译汉：5题，每题3分，共15分。

1.如果句子译文扭曲原文意思，其得分最多不得超过1.5分。

2.如出现两种或两种以上正确译法，给分；其中一种译法错误者，酌情扣分，最多
不超过1分。

3.汉语错别字，不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。在不影响意思的前提下，满三个错
别字扣1/2分，无1/4扣分。

Ⅴ.写作：1题，15分。

本题以通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：

1.15-13分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点：表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化
，句子结构和用词正确。

2.12-10分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点：表达比较清楚，文字基本连贯；句
式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。

3.9-7分：内容切题，基本包括提纲的要点；表达基本清楚；句子结构和用词有少
量错误。

4.6-4分：内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。

5.3-1分：基本按题意写作，但只有少数句子可以理解。

6.0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。

7.长度计分标准：

91-100词：扣1分

81-90词：扣2.5分

71-80词：扣4分

61-70词：扣6分

60词以下：扣8分

　

答案

Part ⅠStructure and Vocabulary (20 points)

Section A 

1. D2. A3. B4. D5. B6. C7. A8. D9. A10.C

Section B

11.A12.D13.B14.D15.C16.D17.C18.C19.C20.B

Section C 

21.B22.D23.C24.C25.A26.B27.D28.C29.A30.A

31.D32.B33.A34.C35.B36.A37.D38.D39.A40.B

Part ⅡCloze Test (10 points)

41.B42.C43.C44.B45.D46.C47.A48.D49.A50.B

Part ⅢReading Comprehension (40 points)

51.D52.A53.D54.C55.A56.C57.A58.D59.B60.C

61.A62.D63.C64.B65.B66.C67.D68.B69.A70.B

Part ⅣEnglishChinese Translation (15 points)

71.把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑
其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

72.这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可
靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

73.因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其它种类的信息，或是两者同
时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素
。

74.一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测
定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

75.例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的
年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

71. ［答案］把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评
者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。［分析］难度：0.29；区分
度：0.502。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的30%。

［注释］此句的重点或难点在后半部：1) critics divert attention from the
fault... 直译是“批评者们把注意力从…的错误上转移开”，根据上下文，可译
作“批评者却不考虑/不注意/忽视…的错误”。总之这一说法含否定意义，肯定意
义的译法都是错误的。2) that lies with ill|informed or incompetent
users 是个定语从句，修饰fault, 其中lies with 意为is the responsibility
of (是…的责任)；ill|informed 在此意为“对这种测试不甚了解(或知之甚少)的
。”一些考生误译作“消息不灵通的”，“接受了错误信息的”，“错误应用信息
的”等；incompetent 意为 not qualified or able (不合格的，不胜任的)，但
不少考生译为“无竞争力的”，“不宜竞争的”等。这些误译多半是由于未考虑上
下文，望文生义的结果。

72. ［答案］这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的
数量、可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

［分析］难度：0.39；区分度：0.276。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的26%强。

［注释］此题句子较长，结构较复杂。要翻译正确，必须首先搞清句子的结构和各
成分之间的关系。How... performance 是一个从句，在整句中作主语，它的谓语
是 depends upon... and on...，句尾的 with which... 是定语从句，修饰它前
面的两个名词 skill and wisdom; 句子中间的 of the information used 这一介
词短语作定语，修饰它前面的 the amount, reliability, and
appropriateness 三个名词，而非只修饰相距最近的一个。把这些结构和关系分析
清楚，翻译便不会有大的出入。但有不少考生把一些成分的关系译错。例如：
How 从句中的 will be validated by ... 很明显是被动语态将来时，意为“将被
后来的表现所证实”，但有些人却译为主动词态“将证实以后的表现”。再如：
depends upon... 意为“依赖于；取决于；依…而定”，一些人却译成“决定着”
；把information used (所用的信息)译作“信息使用”等等。

73. ［答案］因此，在某一特定情况钙，究竟是采用测试还是其它种类的信息，或
是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无有
源等因素。

［分析］难度：0.40；区分度：0.496。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的17%。

［注释］此题句子虽长，但只是一个“主+动+状”的简单句。句首的Whether...
situation是带连接词的不定式短语，作句子的主语，它的谓语动词是depends,
upon... and upon... 是状误。Whether 短语中的or both是与其前的tests,
other kinds of information 并列的成分，同作 to use 的宾语；in a
particular situation 是状语，修饰 to use, 而非定语修饰 both。一些考生将
这部分译作“或两种测试信息都用”，“或二者兼用的测试方式”，“或是在特定
情况下使用二者”，“或把二者都入在特定情况下”等等，都是错误的。此题另一
误解较多之处是 the evidence from experience concerning comparative
validity 这一短语。这里的问题不在于是否能把comparative validity 译为“相
对效度”这一专业术语，译作“相对来说有效性”、“比较而言有效力”、“相比
较地有效(的)”等，都是可接受的。关键依然是各词之间的语法关系：evidence
(根据，依据，证据)是这一短语中的主词，from experience (来自或出自于经验
的)这一介词短语修饰 evidence, concerning (=about) comparative validity
(关于相对有效性的)这一介词短语修饰 exper

ience。一些考生将此短语译成：“比较有效的实验证明”、“证明比较有价值的
经验”、“由实验证明的比较可靠的证据”等，都是随意揣测的产物。

74. ［答案］一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而
当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

［分析］难度0.42；区分度：0.451。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的14%。

［注释］此题句子虽长，但结构比较清楚，所用词语都很普通，翻译难度不高。
the tests 是主句的主语，它的谓语动词是work，这里意为function; operate (
运行；运作；起作用)，有些考生译作“这些测试工作”，显然搞错了词性和结构
。前一个when引入的时间状语从句说明work most effectively，后一个when引入
的时间状语从句，说明and (work) least effectively，其中含有一个主语从句
what...predicted (所要测定或预测的东西<内容、特性、品质>)。但译文不准确
仍是较普遍的问题。例如：把in general (=in most cases; usually 一般说来；
通常)译为“总之；简言之”，把most effectively译成“(测试)效率最高”，
least effectively译作“无效”，“完全无效”，“失去效果”，what is to
be...predicted 译成“被评估或被预期的一切”等等。如果根据上下文再仔细考
虑虑一下，这些错误是可以避免的。

75. ［答案］例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质
条件差的年轻人如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

［分析］难度：0.28；区分度：0.522。未答及得0分者占抽样人数的33%强，是5道
翻译题中比例最高的

［注释］此题在句子结构上的难点在后半句。由how引入的宾语从句是一个带有虚
拟条件句的主从复合句，其中had he grown up...=is he had grown up... 是省
略了连词 if 的虚拟条件句，译成汉语时，通常译在主句之前。此题另一主要问题
是一些词语的译法。

首先是主句主语的they，在此显然指上文提到的tests，应译为“测试”、“这些
测试(验)

”、“这些测试手段”；有人译作“它们”、“他们(测试)”，也是可接受的；但
一些考生译成“他们”、“大学生们”，显然搞错了指代关系。Compensate for
意为 give sth to make up for (补偿，弥补)，有人译成：“补充”、“改进”
、“增加”等等。gross在此意为clearly seen (明显的，易见的)，由于《英语考
试大纲》所附的词表中未列此义，译错可不扣分。但social inequality (社会不
公，社会不平等<现象>)却不可译作“社会不平衡状态”或“社会腐败现象”。how
从句中的able在此意为clever, capable, skilled (聪明的；能干的；有才能的
)，在句中作might have been 的表语。有些考生将这部分译为“…可能是怎么能
够的”、“如何才能在…成长”等，显然未断清词义与结构。underprivileged 意
为 not having the advantages of the ordinary person's life, lacking in
good chances for education, social life, etc. (贫困的；没有地位的；下层
的)。如果说一些考生译成“不享有特权的”，“没有权利的”，“不够优越的”
等，可能是根据privilgeg 一词推导而来，尚有情可原的话，那么译作“未充分发
展的”、“没有显示才华的”、“受压抑的”、“不幸的”等则是随意的猜测，令
人难以同情的。

Part ⅤWriting (15 points)

(略)

９５年

三、阅读理解(摘自张绵芯主编的《模拟题集》)

51［D］这句话可直译为：将钱花在广告上是我所知道的最好的花钱方式之一。
意为：将钱花在广告上好或很值(worthwhile)。该句的非比较级形式为：Money
spent on advertising is money spent well.在该句中，any指任何一种好的花钱
方式(any omney spent well);Know of意为：知道，所了解到的。其实，该句所陈
述的内容不仅是第一段的主题思想，也是全文旨在说明的问题。在第一段的其他部
分，作者就列举了合理的广告带来的诸多益处。

A意为：他对广告的价格了如指掌。这显然不对。

B意为：众人皆知做广告很费钱(money consuming)，即：做广告很贵。

C意为：像做其他事一样，做广告要花钱。

52［A］secure在此意为：取得，获得。A意为：获得更大知名度。这是原文所未
提到的。原文第一段历数了广告所带来的诸多益处。它直接有助于产品以合理价格
迅速销出(distribution)，在稳定国内市场(home market)的同时，使产品能以有
竞争力(competitie)的价格出口进入国际市场；它给人以新的消费观，从而大大地
提高人们的生活标准；它增加了市场需求(demand)，扩大了劳动力(labour)市场，
有效地扩大了就业；它使许多公共事业的服务价格低廉，因为，这些服务都可以利
用登广告所赚的钱补贴其经营费用，这使得它们可以降低价格。

B与原文内容相符。

C意为：提高生活标准。与原文内容相符。

D与原文内容相符。

53［D］在这一题的提问部分，deem意为：认为。选择项D中 partial意为：片面
的，不公平的。文章第4段和第5段讨论了一个反对广告的著名电视工作者
(television personality)的看法。他反对广告的理由是：广告是劝诱性的
(persuade)，而不是客观地提供信息(inform)。但是，作者认为：作这种区别有些
地于细微了(excessively fine)，广告当然要劝诱人们。即使在很小的方面，也很
难做到只局限于(confine…to)客观地提供信息，而且，那样的话，广告就失去了
吸引力，没人会注意它。由此可见，在作者看来，广告的这两方面很难严格地区别
开来，二者是有机地结合在一起的，不能顾此失彼。

A意为：准确地表达了他对广告的评价。这里，pass意为：表述，表达，提出。

B意为：只关心消费者的注意力。这里，nothing but意为：只有，除……之外都不
。

C意为：区分劝诱与信息提供是有道理的。这里，tell the difference意为：区分
，区别。

54［C］

意为：广告劝诱消费者无可指责。作者认为，毫无疑问，广告会劝诱消费者。它不
仅是这样，而且应该是这样，否则，广告便失去了吸引力而没人看了。参阅第53题
题解。

A是不对的。正如第三段民指出的，广告给社会(community)带来的物质利益
(material benefit)比其他形式都大。

B意为：广告应给人以新的(消费)观念，而不在于说服人。这里，win over意为：
说服，争取；rather than意为：而不是。可见，B表达的内容与原文中作者表达的
观点相反。

D意为：消费者不关心广告所提供的信息。这与作者的观点也不同，作者仅是说：
广告不能仅局限于提供客观信息，否则，就无法吸引消费者。参阅第53题题解。

注译：

1television licence电视入网(费)

2Apart from the fact…his advertisements.有27项国会制定的法案约束着广
告的制作标准，考虑到这样一个事实，哪个职业广告商也不敢促销与其广告名不符
实的产品。

3He will not do so…once.他不可能长期如此，因为，值得庆幸的是，公众有
良好的判断力，他们不会二度购买低劣的物品。

4If you see…good value.如果你看到某个产品的广告经久不衰，这就是我知道
的最可靠保证：该产品名符其实，具有良好的质量(或：价值)。

5But Perhaps…wants.但是这也许正是那位著名的电视工作人员所要的。注意本
句的讽刺意味。

55［A］第一段指出，人们对成长有两种基本看法：有人将之视为结果
(product)，有人将之视为一个过程(process)。一般来讲，人倾向地将个人的成长
(或发展)看作是一个易于识别和测量的外在结果。如：工人晋职，学生的成绩
(grades)好，学会一门外语。这都是他们做出努力(efforts)之后所取得的可衡量
的结果。A表达的内容原文虽未提到，但我们可以做一个简单的类推。一旦形成习
惯，戒烟是很不易的，是需要决心与毅力的，正像是一个学生要取得好成绩必须做
出努力一样。

B意为：他对工作尽了巨大的心力。但是，这里却未提到尽心尽力后带来什么样的
结果，也许是徒劳无益呢?

C意为：他热衷于学习新东西。be keen on意为：热衷于，想要。与B一样，这里也
未提及结果：他学未学会新东西?

D意为：他想看看(或确立五)自己在发展的道路(journey)上走到哪儿了。这更没道
理了。

56［C］面对困难，接受挑战。在第二段，作者指出，将发展看作是一个过程
的人关心的不是结果，他们更多地是注重人面对新的体验(experiences)与不期而
至的障碍时所表现出的态度与感受：是谨慎还是表示出勇气。发展永无止境，对外
部世界的体验不止一种，总是有新的思路需要检验，新的挑战(challenges)去接受
。另请参阅第三段第一句。

A意为：成功地爬上了社会阶梯(即：成功地进入社会上层)。这是一个结果，而
不是一个过程，因此，是不正确的，而且，原文并未提出这一点。

B意为：从他自己的成就来判断其发展(潜)力。这显然是从结果的角度来看待人
的发展。

D意为：确立高的(发展)目标(aim high)，而且每次都实现自己的目标。原文并
未提及“目标”的确立，而且该选择项的后半部分(reach his goal each time)显
然又是在谈结果。

57［A］在该句中，being在此意为：生存，存在。第三段第二句指出，当我们
用新的方式生存(或体验世界)时，我们对自己的看法以我们能否发展至关重要。下
文举了几个例子来阐述这一观点。如果我们认为自己行为敏捷，喜欢刨根问底，在
实际的行动上，我们就会倾向于冒险(take more chances)，更欢迎(be more open
to)新的体验。如果我们自认为天生怯懦并优柔寡断，我们就会遇事犹豫不前，行
动迟缓，只有感到安全可靠(the ground is safe)时才会挪动一步。如果我们自认
为适应变化很慢或不够精明，无法对付新的挑战，那么，我们很可能做事被动或干
脆不做。可见，我们的态度决定了我们的生活方式。A意为：体验世界(即：生活)
的新方式(或方法)。

B意为：新的冒险(take risk)方法。这有些片面。

C意为：认识自我的新方法。这是指态度方面，而不是指实际行为方面。

D意为：适应变化的新方法(system)。这也失之片面。

58［D］意为：避免内心的恐惧感与(自我)怀疑。在最后一段，作者指出，不
安全感与自我怀疑不仅是无法避免的(unavoidable)，而且是必要的，否则，我们
就无法变化、发展。关键是要敢于面对(confront)并克服这种心理，如果我们一味
地求安全，就不会有所长进，就等于是作茧自缚(We become trapped inside a
shell of our own making)。

A意为：对更多的冒险(指：做新的事情)持好奇态度。即：总希望尝试做新的事
情

B意为：自我调节快。即：适应新事物快。

C意为：对新的体验持欢迎态度。

对选择项A、C、D的理解请参阅第57题题解。

注译：

1…since by definition…along the way.…既然就其定义(或：本质特征)而言
它是一次旅程，而不是旅程上某个路标或地界标。这是一个比喻，等于说，没有看
得见的实物标记。

59［B］第二段指出，二战以后，人口的流动(mobility)变大，一个家庭离开了
自己原来的住区，离开了多年的朋友，不再住在大家庭里(extended family指：三
世或四世同堂的家庭)。这样，对这个家庭来说，日常的(informal)信息交流没有
了(is cut off)。随着日常的信息交流渠道的消失(the breakdown of informal
information channels)，人们的信心也没有了：他们过去相信需要时总能得到可
信可靠的信息。

A意为：社会缺乏稳定。

C意为：家庭增加了流动性。

D意为：越来越多的人流动不定。

可见，A、C、D表达的内容近似，因此，都不对。而且，如果它们中任何一个正确
，那末，原文句中the confidence就要从肯定方面理解，即：人口的流动性使人们
更有信心……。这显然与原文第二段表达的内容是相矛盾的。

60［C］意为：他们对所需的信息不能垂手可得。readily在此不是“有准备地
”之意，而是“随时随地”之意。原文第二段指出，随着社会的流动性，人们间的
日常的信息交流不存在了。过去一些生活的最基本方面(the simplest aspects)的
信息交流几乎是不自觉(或无意识)地(unconscious)进行的，但是现在却不行了，
过去下意识地(subconsciously)棗随处随时地棗可以通过大家内部的日常
(casual)交流所了解一以(learn)信息现在必须有意识地去了解(或获得)。第二段
指出，除了社会的变化以外，现代社会信息的积累量(stockpile)大增，这使得寻
打相关信息的过程变得更繁琐，更花时间(time-consuming)，有时也很迫切。第三
段的最后一句在总结全段时也指出：技术使更多的人可以利用更多的信息。这里强
调的是信息量，并非信息随时随处可得。

A意为：他们不得不有意识地去了解新事物。这不是一个“问题”，甚至不是主
要(main)问题，这仅是指他们了解信息的方式。

B意为：现在他们缺乏获得可靠可信信息的信心。原文只是说：随着日常交流的
缺乏，过去垂手可得的可靠信息不得不经过其他途径(如：技术手段)去获得了。可
见，B表达的内容与原文表达的内容并不相符。

D意为：他们几乎不能同大学进行日常交流了。如果这是一个问题的话，这也绝
对不是主要问题。而且，这句话说得不够严谨。太绝对化。

考虑这个题时请考生参阅第59题题解。

61［A］第四段第三句指出，随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在
不久的将来(very shorly)通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们
手上。该句中，bombard一词原意为“轰炸”、“连珠炮式地落向”，这里用于比
喻量大。multitudes of 也指“大量的”。

A意为：电子邮件(electronic mail)不久将成为传递信息的主要(dominant)手段。

B意为：在信息时代(era)，保守秘密愈难。信息传递媒介的增加与保守秘密没有直
接关系，贿，文中任何地方都未暗示这一点。

C意为：开会时间会减少(也可以理解为：开会次数会减少)。第四段第五句指出，
(远距离)电话会议可以使人相互交流(专门)知识(expertise)，解决问题毋需再采
用将各地的人聚在一起的会议形式。可见，这里只是说会议开得更方便，并未说开
短会或少开会。

D意为：事件报道将主要采用卫星直播形式。原文第四句指出，卫星的使用扩大了
现场(at the instance of occurrence)直播事件的力度。

62［D］在最后一段作者指出，当今世界是一个多变、复杂的民办，信息对人
至关重要(of greatest importance)。人们要学会利用准确、可靠最新的
(up-to-date)信息来解决的日常(day-to-day)问题以及他们工作和社会交往、家庭
生活中的重大(critical)问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。“知识就是力
量”这样的说法再正确不过了，学会掌握信息(access to information)是对所有
人的一个最重要要求。D意为：有效地掌握所需信息至关重要。

A意为：应尽量多地获取信息。这里只强调了信息的量，却未强调信息的质(如：
准确、可靠、最新)。实际上，正因为信息量增大了，才需要人们学会找出所需的
信息，这才是这一段所主要说明的。

B意为：人们应充分利用可得到的(accessible)信息。正如我们在分析本题时所
一再指出的，本段所强调的是善于获得信息的重要性(如，在本段三句中，作者使
用了如下措辞：the need for information<第一句主语>，who have accurate,
reliable up-to-date information, access to information<第三句后半句主语
>)。

C意为：我们应该意识到积累信息的重要性。这也不对，参阅本题对选择项A的分
析。

注译：

1…beyond the capability of the extended family to solve.…大家庭内无
能力解决。

2overwhelming(在此文中意为)无法克服的，无法做的

3machine-readable可用机器阅读的，可通过机器阅读的。这里“机器”主要
指计算机。

63［C］意为：攻击型的，好斗的。文章第一、二、三段都提到：A型性格的人
在竞争的环境中成长，形成了他们的性格特征。第二段第三句直接用
competitive(争强好胜的，爱竞争的)一词描述A型性格的人。

A意为：缺乏耐心的，不耐心的。这也许是他们有时候所表现出的性格特征，但
不是他们的一般性性格特征。

B意为：体贴人的，为人着想的。这与事实形成鲜明的对比。

D意为：和蔼的，易相处的，使人愉快的。

64［B］有些学生肯定不及格。be bound to意为：肯定，注定。问题中

be opposed意为“反对”。第三段指出，学校中最糟糕的竞争方式(by far用于强
调最高级形式)是极力强调考试(disproportionate意为：不相称的，过分的)，很
少有学校让学生集中精力做自己善于做的事情。通过考试来竞争有无益处
(merits)是个值得探讨的问题(questionable),但是，明知道自己会失败还去竞争
的做法肯定(对人的心理，如：自信心、自我认识等)是有害的。

A意为：给学生造成的压力过大。

C意为：不及格率过高。

A、C文中都未提到。

D意为：考试成绩(或结果)值得怀疑。这与原文表达的内容不一样，原文并非是
说考试成绩是否真正反映学生的真实水平或能力值得怀疑，而是说考试这种形式作
为一个教学环节是否合适值得进一步探讨。

65［B］原文最后一段指出，如果学校不过多地注重于(preoccupation…
with)学习结果，就可以花更多的时间教些更有价值的东西。选择护理方面的人棗
尤其是医疗护理人员棗也许应该看他们是否心细、是否有同情心，而不应看他们化
学成绩如何。只从A型性格的人中选择医生的做法是不可取的，B型性格的人也是社
会所需要的，应该受到相应的鼓励。在这段里，作者对现在人的培养及选择标准进
行了批评。B意为：学习成绩(或学术成就)。问题中currently意为：目前，当前。

A意为：申请者的敏感程度。指：他是否对他人的行为敏感，即：是否细心。

C意为：竞争精神。原文是说根据成绩，即：看重的是结果。

D意为：更可靠的价值。即：更可靠或可依赖或有价值(对社会有用)的东西。

66［C］文章第一段指出，个性在很大程度上是先天形成的(inheent)，但是，
环境对它也有深刻影响，环境包括社会、学校与家庭。本文主要谈论了学校教育对
学生的性格的形成的影响。C意为：个性的发展受多种

(multiple)因素的影响。

A意为：儿童的个性在出生时早已确立。

B意为：家庭对儿童性格特征的形成起主导作用。

A、B、两个选择项都不正确，因为，这两种说法都是片面的、极端的。儿童的个性
发展受多种因素的影响。

D意为：在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人是不需要的(或：是找不到位置的)。
这正是作者想要驳斥的观点。作者指出：世界需要各种性格的人。另请参阅第65题
题解。

注译：

1One place…institution.促使学生逐渐形成A性格的一个处所是学校，因为，
就其本质而言，学校是一个高度竞争的机构。

2Too many schools…achievements.许多学校的道德标准是：不遗余力取胜，它
衡量成功的标准是取得成就的大小。

3…compete against their classmates or against the clock与同学竞争或与
时间赛跑。

4…dropped head seconds after saying:“Rejoice, we conquer!”说完“欢
呼吧，我们胜利了!”之后几秒钟就倒下死了。

5top management最佳管理方式。

67［D］意为：突然失去记忆力会导致生存适应问题。文章第一段指出，人生
许多问题的解决依赖于我们对过去经历过的事情的记忆。第二段第二、三句指出，
如果我们不及时复习或练习已学过的东西的话，过一段时间，我们可能忘记它，这
种情况所造成的适应性(adaptive)后果也许不太明。然而，突然失去记忆力却会给
适应带来明显后果。举个例子来说，假如你一觉醒来，发觉自己失去了一切记忆，
那样会发生什么呢?

A意为：由于缺乏练习所造成的遗忘很明显不利于生存适应。这与第二段第二句
的意思相反。

B意为：如果一个人突然(all of a sudden)变得健忘，他肯定是非常适应生活的
。这与第二段第三句表达的内容相反。

C意为：逐渐的遗忘过程证明了人的(较强的)适应能力。第二段第四句指出，遗
忘可以被看作动物中自然选择(natural selection)过程中遗留给人的一种能力。
第三段最后一句指出，遗忘(指逐渐的遗忘)似乎对每个个体或整个物种来说有其生
存价值。可见，逐渐的遗忘过程是人在物种间的生存竞争过程中形成的，它是人们
适应外部世界的结果。C则将人的适应能力看作是逐渐遗忘过程的结果，这显然颠
倒了逻辑关系。

68［B］第三段第三、四句指出，没有遗忘过程，人就无法适应。例如，十年前
正确的做法现在未必合适，所以应忘记它。对遗忘很少的人的调查也表明：他们的
日常活动缺乏头绪。

A意为：他适于生存。这与事实相反。

C意为：他学习的能力会得到加强。这也与事实相反，事实是：所学的东西在大
脑中会无头绪可寻。

D意为：记忆力的进化就会停止。

69［A］意为：遗忘是对学习的一种反应。文章最后一段指出，对记忆力也可以
做另一种解释：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，遗忘使这一系统具有了灵活性。这种
看法认为：在学习或存储(输入)与遗忘(输出)之间有一个不断调整过程。事实上，
有证据表明，遗忘率与学习的东西的量直接相关，这对现代记忆模式棗输入-输出
保持平衡棗提供了证据。

B意为：记忆储存系统是一个输入输出完全平衡的系统。根据原文，的确一种理
论认为或推测(assume)记忆储存系统是一个输入输出平衡的系统，但也仅是假设而
已，另外，exactly一字用的欠妥，太绝对化。

C意为：记忆力是对遗忘的一个补偿。严格地来讲，forgetting与remembering都
是

memory的一个组成部分，是一个部分与整体间的关系，不能对照而言。

D意为：记忆的储存系统总储量有限，这是由遗忘造成的。原文只是说遗忘使记
忆储存

系统更具有适应力，不是说它造成了记忆储存系统的有限性。

70［B］本文要谈的是遗忘过程的作用(funciton)，它是人生存适应机制的一
个很重要的过程，这是文章的第二、三、四段所旨在说明的，对照而言，第一段所
谈的内容(remembering)只不过是这个讨论的引子。

A意为：记忆，记住。

C意为：适适。

D意为：体验。

注译：

1another line of thought另一种思路

　

　

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